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Salinity who do not comply can thwart breeding and hamper growth. Mussels, clams and oysters blood are the types of shellfish that live in estuaries. Variations of natural salinity estuaries in Indonesia ranged between 15-32%. Results of research on mussels indicates that the salinity of 15% of the shellfish can cause death. The success of shellfish seed blood to stick ...

Turbidity is a picture of the optical properties of water by the presence of suspended solids, especially materials and little affected by the color of the water. This suspended material in the form of particles of clay, silt, colloids soil and aquatic organisms (microorganisms). TSS is not only harmful to fish but also cause water unproductive for blocking sunlight for ...

Sunlight needed by the seaweed to the process of photosynthesis, where the result is CO2 fixation. Besides ultraviolet also needed for growth itself. The ability of light to penetrate the waters will decrease with increasing with depth. This zone is called the photic zone. Changes in the intensity and quality of light that penetrates the water with increasing depth illustrates ...

Star of the Sea (Protoneostes), is a pest that has the ability to climb on seaweed and can cover the branches. Branch covered / plastered by starfish will die and many branches were broken off. Starfish larvae together with the larvae of sea urchins that have planktonis properties, so it can be attached to the seaweed thallus which indirectly can ...

Green turtle (Chelonia midas), is a destructive pest of cultivated plants seaweed most ferocious. Green turtles usually attack at night. These pests can prey exhausted cultivated plants in areas that are not too broad. Signs of seaweed plants attacked by the green turtle is the only plant left behind on the rope course and it looks like the former cut ...

The depth of the waters is closely related to productivity, vertical temperature, light penetration, density, oxygen, and nutrients (Hutabarat and Evans, 2008). The depth of the waters affects the biota are cultivated. This is related to the pressure received in the water, because the pressure increases with increasing depth (Nybakken, 1992). Depth is an important parameter in solving various technical ...