h) The degree of white<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/strong> Principle:<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/strong> Beam reflection measurement standard sample with MgO.<\/span>
\n Equipment: Photometer.<\/span>
\n Reagent: Standard MgO 99% pa<\/span>
\n Ways of working:<\/span>
\n (1) Insert the sample into the sample container similar to that used for container MgO;<\/span>
\n (2) Measure the reflection index of the sample (A) and the reflection index of MgO (B);<\/span>
\n (3) Each completed measurement 10 times the sample, the photometer must be calibrated with MgO to get a smaller deviation.<\/span><\/p>\n

i) The degree of acid<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/strong> Principle:<\/strong><\/span>
\n Dissolution of organic acids in a sample by using certain organic solvents (alcohol 95%) followed by penitaran with alkali (NaOH).<\/span><\/p>\n

Equipment:<\/span>
\n a) Balance analytical accuracy of 0.1 mg calibrated;<\/span>
\n b) 250-ml Erlenmeyer;<\/span> and<\/span>
\n c) Buret 25 mL.<\/span>
\n Reagent:<\/span>
\n (1) Ethanol, C2H5OH 95% neutral;<\/span>
\n (2) A solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 0.05 M;<\/span>
\n (3) phenolphthalein indicator, PP 1% in 60% alcohol.<\/span>
\n Ways of working:<\/span>
\n (1) Weigh carefully the 10 g sample (a), then insert it into the 250-ml Erlenmeyer;<\/span>
\n (2) Add 100 mL ethanol 95% neutral and allow 24 hours while occasionally shaken then strained;<\/span> and<\/span>
\n (3) Titration of the filter with 50 mL of 0.05 M NaOH (c) in ethanol using PP indicator (b).<\/span><\/p>\n

j) metal contaminants: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/strong> Principle:<\/strong><\/span>
\n Destruction example by dry ashing at a temperature of 450 \u00b0 C followed by dissolution in acid solution.<\/span> Dissolved metal calculated using the tool Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) with a maximum wavelength of 228.8 nm to 283.3 nm for Cd and Pb.<\/span>
\n Equipment:<\/strong><\/span>
\n (1) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) along with the accessories (cathode lamps Cd and Pb) calibrated (preferably using graphite furnace AAS);<\/span>
\n (2) The furnace is calibrated with a precision of 1 \u00b0 C;<\/span>
\n (3) Balance analytical calibrated to the nearest 0.1 mg;<\/span>
\n (4) electric heater;<\/span>
\n (5) water bath;<\/span>
\n (6) Pipette 0.05 mL measuring scale or micro burette calibrated;<\/span>
\n (7) flask 1000 mL, 100 mL, and 50 mL, calibrated;<\/span>
\n (8) Measuring cup capacity of 10 ml;<\/span>
\n (9) The glass cup 250 mL;<\/span>
\n (10) Bottle polypropylene;<\/span>
\n (11) porcelain cup \/ platinum \/ quartz 50 mL to 100 mL;<\/span> and<\/span>
\n (12) Filter paper with specifications not berabu liquid particle retention of 20 to 25 lm.<\/span>
\n Reagent:<\/span>
\n (1) Nitric acid, HNO3;<\/span>
\n (2) Hydrochloric acid, concentrated HCl;<\/span>
\n (3) The solution of nitric acid, HNO3 0.1 N;<\/span> 7 mL dilute HNO3 with distilled water in a 1000 mL volumetric flask and dilute to mark the line.<\/span>
\n (4) A solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl 6 N;<\/span> 500 mL of concentrated HCl diluted with distilled water in a 1000 mL volumetric flask and dilute to mark the line.<\/span>
\n (5) standard solution 1000 mg \/ mL Cd;<\/span> dissolve 1.000 g Cd with 7 ml of HNO3 in a 250-ml beaker and insert it into the measuring flask 1000 mL then dilute with distilled water to mark the line.<\/span> Alternatively, it could be used Cd standard solution 1000 mg \/ mL ready to use.<\/span>
\n (6) standard solution 200 mg \/ mL Cd;<\/span> pipette 10 ml of standard solution of 1000 mg \/ mL Cd into 50 mL volumetric flask and then diluted with distilled water up to mark the line then shaken.<\/span> The second standard solution has a concentration of 200 ug \/ mL Cd.<\/span><\/p>\n

(7) the raw solution 20 mg \/ mL Cd;<\/span> pipette 10 ml of standard solution of 200 ug \/ mL cadmium into 100 mL volumetric flask and then diluted with distilled water up to mark the line then shaken.<\/span> The third standard solution has a concentration of 20 ug \/ mL Cd.<\/span>
\n (8) working standard solution of Cd;<\/span> pipette into a 100 mL volumetric flask respectively of 0 mL, 0.5 mL, 1 mL;<\/span> 2 mL;<\/span> 4 mL;<\/span> 7 mL and 9 ml standard solution 20 mg \/ mL and then add 5 mL of HNO3 1 N or 6 N HCl, and dilute with distilled water to mark the line and shake.<\/span> The working standard solution has a concentration of 0 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.1 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.2 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.4 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.8 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 1.4 mg \/ mL and 1.8 mg \/ mL Cd.<\/span>
\n (9) standard solution 1000 mg \/ mL Pb;<\/span> dissolve 1,000 g Pb with 7 ml of HNO3 in a 250-ml beaker and insert it into the measuring flask 1000 mL then dilute with distilled water to mark the line.<\/span> Alternatively, it could be used Pb standard solution of 1.000 mg \/ mL ready to use.<\/span>
\n (10) the raw solution 50 mg \/ mL Pb;<\/span> and pipette 5.0 ml of standard solution of 1.000 mg \/ mL Pb into a 100 mL volumetric flask and dilute with distilled water to mark the line and shake.<\/span> The second standard solution has a Pb concentration of 50 ug \/ mL.<\/span>
\n (11) working standard solution of Pb.<\/span> pipette into a 100 mL volumetric flask respectively of 0 mL, 0.2 mL;<\/span> 0.5 mL;<\/span> 1 mL;<\/span> 2 mL;<\/span> 3 mL and 4 mL standard solution 50 mg \/ mL and then add 5 mL of HNO3 1 N or 6 N HCl, and dilute with distilled water to mark the line and shake.<\/span> The working standard solution has a concentration of 0 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.1 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.25 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 0.5 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 1.0 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 1.5 mg \/ mL and 2.0 mg \/ mL Pb.<\/span>
\n Ways of working:<\/span>
\n (1) Weigh 10 g to 20 g of sample accurately in a porcelain cup \/ platinum \/ quartz (m);<\/span>
\n (2) Place the dish containing the test sample on top of electric heating and heat gradually until the test sample does not smoke anymore;<\/span>
\n (3) Continue incineration in a furnace at a temperature of (450 \u00b1 5) \u00b0 C until the ash is white, free from carbon;<\/span>
\n (4) If the ashes are not free from carbon which is characterized by a grayish color, lightly mist with a few drops of water and add dropwise HNO3 Approximately 0.5 mL to 3 mL;<\/span>
\n (5) Dry the cup above the electric heater and reinsert it into the furnace at a temperature of (450 \u00b1 5) \u00b0 C and continue heating until white ash.<\/span> Addition of HNO3 may be repeated if the ash is grayish;<\/span>
\n (6) Dissolve white ash in 5 mL of 6 N HCl, while heated over an electric heater or a water bath until dry, then dilute with 0.1 N HNO3 and enter into a 50 mL measuring flask and then align to mark the lines with distilled water (V), if necessary, filter the solution using a filter paper into a polypropylene bottle;<\/span>
\n (7) Prepare a blank solution by the addition of reagents and the same treatment as an example;<\/span>
\n (8) Read the absorbance of the working standard solution and the sample solution against the blank using AAS at a wavelength maximum of about 228.8 nm to 283.3 nm for Cd and Pb;<\/span>
\n (9) Create a calibration curve between metal concentrations (mg \/ mL) as the X-axis and absorbance as the Y axis;<\/span>
\n (10) Plot the readings solution is an example of the calibration curve (C);<\/span> and<\/span>
\n (11) Calculate the metal content in the sample.<\/span><\/p>\n

k) Metal Contamination: Tin (Sn)<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/strong> Principle:<\/strong><\/span>
\n Examples didekstruksi with HNO3 and HCl then add KCl to reduce interference.<\/span> Sn read using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) at a wavelength of 235.5 nm with a maximum of N2O-C2H2 flame oxidation.<\/span>
\n Equipment:<\/span>
\n (1) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) along with the accessories (cathode lamps Sn) calibrated;<\/span>
\n (2) The furnace is calibrated with precision 1oC;<\/span>
\n (3) Balance analytical calibrated to the nearest 0.1 mg;<\/span>
\n (4) electric heater;<\/span>
\n (5) water bath;<\/span>
\n (6) flask 1000 ml, 100 ml and 50 ml, calibrated;<\/span>
\n (7) Pipette 0.1 mL calibrated measuring scale;<\/span>
\n (8) 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask;<\/span>
\n (9) glass measuring 50 mL;<\/span> and<\/span>
\n (10) Glass cup of 250 mL.<\/span>
\n Reagent:<\/span>
\n (1) A solution of potassium chloride, 10 mg \/ mL K;<\/span> dissolve 1.91 g of KCl with water to 100 mL.<\/span>
\n (2) Nitric acid, HNO3;<\/span>
\n (3) Hydrochloric acid, concentrated HCl;<\/span>
\n (4) standard solution 1000 mg \/ mL Sn;<\/span> and dissolve 1.000 g Sn with 200 mL of concentrated HCl in 1000 mL volumetric flask, add 200 ml of distilled water, cooled to room temperature and dilute with distilled water to mark the line.<\/span><\/p>\n

(5) working standard solution of Sn.<\/span>
\n Pipette 10 mL of concentrated HCl and 1.0 mL of KCl into each 100 mL volumetric flask.<\/span> Add each 0 mL;<\/span> 0.5 mL;<\/span> 1.0 mL;<\/span> 1.5 mL;<\/span> 2.0 mL and 2.5 mL of standard solution of 1000 mg \/ mL Sn and dilute with distilled water to mark the line.<\/span> The working standard solution has a concentration of 0 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 5 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 10 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 15 mg \/ mL;<\/span> 20 mg \/ mL and 25 mg \/ mL Sn.<\/span>
\n Ways of working:<\/span>
\n (1) Weigh sample of 10 g to 20 g (m) carefully into 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 30 mL HNO3 and allow 15 minutes;<\/span>
\n (2) Heat gently for 15 minutes in a fume hood, avoid the occurrence of excessive spark;<\/span>
\n (3) Continue heating so that the remaining volume of 3 mL to 6 mL or until the sample was dry on the bottom, avoiding the formation of charcoal;<\/span>
\n (4) Remove the Erlenmeyer of electric heating, add 25 ml of concentrated HCl, and heat up for 15 minutes until a burst of steam Cl 2 stops;<\/span>
\n (5) Increase the heating and bring to a boil so that the residual volume of 10 mL to 15 mL;<\/span>
\n (6) Add 40 ml of distilled water, stir, and pour into a 100 mL volumetric flask, rinse the Erlenmeyer flask with 10 mL of distilled water (V);<\/span>
\n (7) Add 1.0 mL KCl, let cool at room temperature, align with distilled water up to mark the line and filter;<\/span>
\n (8) Prepare the reference solution with the addition of reagents and the same treatment as an example;<\/span>
\n (9) Read the absorbance of the working standard solution and the sample solution against the blank using AAS at a wavelength of 235.5 nm with a maximum of N2O-C2H2 flame oxidation;<\/span>
\n (10) Create a calibration curve between metal concentrations (mg \/ mL) as the X-axis and absorbance as the Y axis;<\/span>
\n (11) Plot the readings solution is an example of the calibration curve (C);<\/span>
\n (12) Perform Duplo construction;<\/span> and<\/span>
\n (13) Calculate the Sn content in the sample.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

h) The degree of white Principle: Beam reflection measurement standard sample with MgO. Equipment: Photometer. Reagent: Standard MgO 99% pa Ways of working: (1) Insert the sample into the sample container similar to that used for container MgO; (2) Measure the reflection index of the sample (A) and the reflection index of MgO (B); (3) …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1820],"tags":[614,616,615,608,617,612,609,610,613,611],"class_list":["post-448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-english","tag-chemical-composition-of-tapioca-starch","tag-chemical-formula-for-tapioca-dextrin","tag-chemical-name-of-tapioca-starch","tag-chemical-tapioca","tag-physical-properties-of-tapioca-starch","tag-tapioca-chemical","tag-tapioca-chemical-composition","tag-tapioca-chemical-formula","tag-tapioca-chemical-reaction","tag-tapioca-chemical-structure"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=448"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3147,"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions\/3147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tneutron.net\/pangan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}