Usage Control System
1 Speed Control System
Governor Watt basic principle of Watt’s governor engine with the schematic diagram illustrated in Figure 9.8. The magnitude of the rate of flow of fuel into the engine cylinders arranged in accordance with the difference between desired engine speed and actual engine speeds. Governor speed set according to the desired speed. The actual speed drops below the desired price, the centrifugal force speed governor is becoming increasingly smaller, causing the control valve to move downward, distribute the fuel more so the enlarged engine speed to achieve the desired price.
Conversely, if the engine speed exceeds the desired value, then the centrifugal force of the speed governor is getting bigger, it causes the control valve to move upward. This will reduce the supply of fuel to the engine speed mengecilsampai achieved the desired value.
At this speed control systems, plant (controlled system) is the engine and the controlled variable is the speed of the machine. The difference between the desired speed and the actual speed is a signal, error. A control signal (amount of fuel) to be applied to the plant (engine) is the actuation signal. External input variables that will interfere yangdikontrol is a nuisance. Load change is not expected is a nuisance.
2 Temperature Control System
Figure 2.8 Temperature Control System car
Figure 2.8 shows a diagram of the temperature control electric stove. The temperature is measured by a temperature sensor (the components that generate analog signals). The magnitude of temperature stress in the form of analog signals are converted into digital quantities by the converter A / D. Digital temperature controller is inserted through an interface. Digital temperature is compared with the temperature input is programmed, and if there is a deviation (error), the controller sends a signal to the heater through an amplifier and a relay interface, to bring the temperature of the stove to the desired value.
Figure 2.9 The function of temperature control of passenger space
3 Room Temperature Control System Passenger Cars
Figure 2.9 shows the control function of the temperature of the passenger car. Desired temperature, is converted into a voltage, is input to the controller. The actual temperature of the passenger space is converted to a voltage through a sensor / transducer and fed back to the controller for comparison with the input. Room temperature and radiation heat transfer from the sun, act as a distraction. The system uses a feedback control maupunkontrol good feedback to the front.
(Feed forward control gives aksikoreksi before the disturbance affects the output). The temperature of the passenger car differs quite large depending on where it is measured. Instead of using many sensors for temperature measurement and leveling the measured value, it is more economical to install the vacuum or blower in a place where passengers usually feel the temperature. Temperatures of the vacuum or blower is a clue passenger room temperature (output system).
The controller receives input signals, output signals and a signal from the sensor noise source. The controller sends a signal to optimally control the air adjusting device (air conditioner) to control the amount of air conditioning such that the passenger space is equal to the desired temperature.
Figure 2.10 Temperature Control System in Space Passenger Cars
4 Traffic Control System
Controlling traffic with traffic signals operated on the basis of time to form an open loop control system. However, if the number of cars waiting at each traffic signal in an area that is crowded at all, in a city, is measured continuously and the information is sent to the central computer that controls traffic signals, then such a system becomes a closed loop.
The movement of traffic in the network is quite complex because of the variation of the volume of traffic is very dependent on the hour and day of the week, as well as on several other factors. In some cases, the Poisson distribution can be applied to the arrival at the crossroads, but it need not be true for semuapersoalan traffic. In fact, to minimize the average waiting time is a very complex control problems.
5 Inventory Control Systems and Business Systems
Programming the rate of production and inventory levels in the industry is another example of a closed loop control system. Actual inventory levels, which is the output of the system, compared with the desired inventory levels, which may change from time to time in accordance with the market. If there is a difference between actual inventory levels with inventory levels is desired, then the production rate adjusted such that the output is always approaching the “level” is desired, which is chosen to maximize profits.
Business system can consist of several groups, each of which has the task (dynamic elements of the system). Feedback method to report on the achievements of each group should be set in such a system, in order to operate properly. Cross coupling between the functional groups must be made in order minimum, to reduce the time delay is not desirable in the system. The smaller the cross coupling more it will smooth signal flow of work and materials.
Figure 2.11 Steering and Control System Idle Speed at the Mobil
Business system is a closed loop system. Good design will simplify the necessary managerial control. Note that disruption in this system is defective in materials or human, communication interruption, human error, and the like.
Figure 2.12 Idle Speed System with Open Loop
A good estimate determination system is based on statistics and power management. (Note that it is known from the fact that the system performance can be improved by setting the time or anticipation).
