TNeutron

Category: English

  • In Vegetative Soil Conservation

    Vegetative soil conservation is any form or activity or use of plants and plant debris to reduce erosion. The crowns of trees or other plants will hold / break punch and speed of rain. Thus the power at / limpas rainwater on the surface soil decreased. Canopy of trees in addition to reducing power at the rain water also absorbs some of the rain water through their leaves as an interception.

    Most trees have branches that tend / skew / pointing upwards so it captures some of the rainwater to flow to follow the rod in the form of stem flow. Water flowing as stem this flow is passed down to the ground. Tree with spreading roots and plenty of surface soil like a banyan tree, it can be meresapk water into the soil in large quantities so often under the banyan tree there is a water source.

    On a nice forest area rainwater many are impregnated into the ground and low speed so it will not cause adverse erosion. This will be very different from the non-forested areas so that the rainwater that falls will hit the ground directly. The blow / blow rain water will cause spark resulting spark erosion / spash erosion. Then the sparks rain continues collects and runs into the surface water runoff or erosion of the surface / sheet erosion. If the runoff is collected and will swell membentul stream that forms the trench so-called erosion trench.

    Excess soil conservation vegetatively

    • Maintaining the stability of the stricture soil through the root-soil granulation to enlarge
    • Land cover by litter and canopy reduce evaporation
    • Besides, it can increase the activity of microorganisms that lead to increased soil porosity, thus increasing the amount of infiltration and prevent erosion.
    • Economic value so as to increase the income of farmers.
    • Shortage of vegetative soil conservation
    • Not all plants can be used to implement soil conservation vegetatively, thus indirectly inhibit plant growth.

    Remaining Planting
    One attempt to maintain the productivity of dry land, especially land is to maintain soil organic matter. Since the use of chemical fertilizers, largely forgotten the use of organic fertilizer or even most of the rest of the crop transported out or burned because they want to see the land kept clean. This situation is detrimental for the key to be able to maintain the productivity of the land is to maintain soil organic matter levels while preventing erosion.

    The original source of the organic material is plant tissue. Leaves, twigs, branches, trunk and roots of plants in nature to provide organic matter annually. Such materials will decompose and become one with the soil called humus soil. The rest of the plant other than a major source of food for many species of microorganisms, as well as to maintain and improve soil productivity.

    Soil organic matter will affect the physical and chemical properties of soil al
    – Increase granulation soil so that it will improve the soil structure
    – Improve the ability of soil to hold water
    – Prevent soil compaction fast
    – Increase the sorption capacity of the soil, because 30-90% of the adsorption power of a soil derived from soil organic matter, thereby increasing nutrient availability soil
    – Organic materials are also a source of plant nutrients.

    Some ways to maintain soil organic matter is through:
    – Incorporation of green materials plant residues
    – Spreading the crop residue as mulch on the soil surface.

    The use of crop residue mulch sehagai provides several advantages:
    – Protecting the soil from rain so that the soil does not blow Iekas compact.
    – Slowing the flow rate so that the surface can reduce erosion and
    – Material decaying mulch is a good medium for the improvement of soil biological activity

    Cover crops
    Crop legume cover crop is very good for the rehabilitation of degraded land because it serves (1) melindungimpermukaan soil from the effects of rain, so menghurangi erosion, (2) improve and mempertahankann physical and chemical properties of land, (3) reduce evaporation and loss of organic matter, and (4 ) controlling weeds.

  • Implementation Land Rehabilitation

    Prepare Mucuna seeds are good viability. On land will be rehabilitated tillage done at the beginning of the rainy season; when the rain has been quite seeding is done by ditugal. Can be used spacing of 20t x 20 cm each planting hole planted two seeds. Beginning with the TSP fertilizer as much as 25 tonnes / ha and after twenty Hulan usually Mucuna plants already looked lush.

    The plants need to be allowed for 8 months, while beans are produced can be harvested. At the age of 8 months Mucuna plants cleared and forage material as mulch or buried in the soil during land preparation.
    Grouping plants in a natural landscape (landscape)
    Grouping plants in a natural landscape (landscape) follows the same water requirements so that irrigation can be grouped according to crop needs. Critical land conservation techniques such as is done by grouping plants that have similar water needs in the landscape. Grouping these plants will provide ease in setting water. Irrigation water applied only given according to the needs of the plant so water can be saved.
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    Figure 16. The landscape landscape

    Landscape has a broad meaning, but lay people interpret the landscape as a garden or landscaping. Simonds (1983) stated the landscape is a landscape with particular characteristics that can be enjoyed by all human senses, with characters that blend naturally and harmoniously to strengthen the character of the landscape. In this case the human senses play an important role in sensing the landscape.

    According to Morrow (1987) landscape is the earth’s surface that are not covered by the sea but it is narrower than that can be taken blink of the eye, including the cities and the countryside and wilderness, yard and garden, park and garden roof of the building, and can be classified as artificial human or natural. Some understanding of the landscape can be concluded that the landscape is a landscape or region as far as the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects in it.

    Simonds (1983) distinguishes the landscape into two main elements of the landscape and landscape support. The main landscape is a form of natural landscapes, features, power that is hard to change. The main form of natural landscapes such as mountains, valleys, coastal plains, lakes, oceans, and other components that dominated the topography; landscape features such as rain, snow, fog, and seasonal temperatures; as well as the strength of the landscape such as wind, tides, erosion, solar radiation, lightning, and gravity. For landscape supporting a landscape elements that are generally easy to change as the hills, forests, rivers, and swamps.

  • Opera-Geographic Systems Concepts

    GIS / GIS into a new technology at this time into a tool that is essential to store, manipulate, analyze and review the conditions of nature with the help of spatial and attribute data. SIG is supported by a variety of related disciplines. As an illustration of the relationship of GIS with supporting areas are as follows:
    image
    Figure 6. Relationship of GIS with areas supporting

    Geographical Information Systems Concepts
    Lately the term system to become very popular. The system is used to describe many things, especially for activities necessary for data processing. The development of computers and supporting technology greatly increases the popularity use of the system to meet the needs of modern organizations sustu information. Geographical Information Systems (Geographic Information System) is used to describe many things, especially for the activities required in data processing.

    The development of computers and supporting technology greatly increases the popularity use of the system to meet the information needs of a modern organization. Definition SIG is always evolving, growing and varied. GIS is also a field study of science and technology is relatively new, used in various fields of science and growing fast. Here’s one popular definition SIG published by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) Inc.-90.

    SIG is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data designed to efficiently acquire, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographic information berreferensi.
    Here are some of the terminology SIG [Demers97] 1) of the Geographic Information System of the United States
    2) Geographical Information of System of Europe
    3) Geomatique of Canada
    4) Georelational Information System technology based terminology
    5) Natural Resources Information System terminology based environmental disciplines
    6) Geoscience / Geological Information System terbasiskan geological engineering discipline
    7) Spatial Data Analysis System terminology based system.

    In the functional definition of a geographic information system contains the following:
    1) Contains multiple types of data both alpha numerical, graphic form of photographs and drawings or other spatial information in a number of other very large.
    2) It is an integral part of the data that is formed by a number of program modules that interact.
    3) We have many sub-systems that can be used together for the function of collecting and storing data retrieval and analysis of performance information.

    One of the definitions to represent the notion of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) put forward by the PA Burrough, 1986. According to the Geographic Information System (GIS) is a set of tools to collect, store, recall, transformation and performance of spatial data (spatial) on the surface of the earth for a particular purpose. From the above definition, the Geographic Information System (GIS) can serve essentially as follows:
    1) Integrated Data Bank
    Cartographical consolidates data with attribute data in relational database management systems (relational data base management system), to allow rejected like a unity.
    2) System Modeling and Analysis
    Can be used as a means of evolutionary potential of regions and spatial planning (spatial, environmental governance).
    3) Automated Mapping System
    Automatted mapping to present the map according to the needs, both in terms of objectives and provisions of cartography.
    4) Management System Ber-georeferenced
    For operational management and administration refer to a geographic location (Pranoto Asmoro, 1989).
    The functions above can largely be running a Geographic Information System has the ability to mendepskripsikan geographic data.

  • AutoCAD Geographic Information Systems

    SIG represents the real world on the monitor as a sheet map with its map features (rivers, forests, gardens, roads, land parcels, etc.). The scale of the map determines the size and shape of the representation of its elements. The increasing scale of the map, the greater the size of its elements. SIG keep all its elements of descriptive information as attributes in the database. Then SIG to form and store it in relational tables.

    Then SIG connect these elements with the corresponding table. So that these attributes can be accessed via the location map elements, and vice versa elements of the map can be accessed from its attributes. SIG connect a set of map elements with attributes within the layer units. Rivers, buildings, roads, administrative boundaries layer is an example. Consider the following illustration; Thus the design of the database is essential in the SIG. The design of the database will determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the input, management and output of GIS.

    AutoCAD role in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is more emphasized in the aspect of 2 (two) dimensions. Two-dimensional aspects referred to here is in terms of making and pendigitasian map as well as the setting up of the structure of the map expressed in layer. Things that need to be known in the operating environment of AutoCAD software for pendigitasian map are:
    a) Elements in AutoCAD
    Elements in AutoCAD is divided into two kinds, namely non-graphic elements and graphic elements. Graphic element is a series of commands to create an image or graphic form in the image of an object image, such as a line (l), polyline (pl), doublelin multiline (in / ml), retangle (rectange), circle (c), etc. , While the element of non graphic is a series of commands that serves to edit the images or objects in AutoCAD, such as the provision of number / letter (dtext), cutting line (trim), penembahan line (extend), deletion (erase), multiplication (array), etc. ,

    b) Start the program AutoCAD
    To start the AutoCAD program must first enter the Windows environment because pengopersian this program under the windows operating system. The steps that need to be considered are:
     Making layer (image layer), intended to facilitate the imaging process and image editing.
     Pengturan line type, line color, and line activation displayed.

    c) Setting Environment Digitizing
    The purpose of digitization disisni environment setup is setting the image function of each type of line in the map image. Commands the setup is done on the layer and which is intended to distinguish one line to another line.

    d) Editing Process Map
    As was mentioned earlier that the digitization process is a process of moving data manually (Map Manual) in the form of digital maps usually translated in the computer system. In this digitization process map used must really have a high accuracy (better than Map Bakosurtanal) both in terms of time and clarity of the information on the map itself.
    The first step is to move the digitization of maps that will be digitized map coordinates into coordinates that can be read by a computer via the digitizer.

    To be able to read the map coordinates that exist in order to be transferred to the computer system, then that should be done is to turn on the digitizer that can be read in the program AutoCAD. If the system has pengkoordinat can enter and read in the computer system, then the next is started digitization with regard arrangement layer of each type of layer that has been predetermined. For this pendigitasian orders are often operated is making the line a lot (polyline).

    e) Storage of Digitizing
    Storage of digitized can be done during the digitization process is in progress or when diiinginkan. The command used in the storage of digitized results are save or save as. Shape files saved in these results is the name of * .dwg. Furthermore, in order that the results of this digitization can be read and translated into the format Arc Info, then the * .dwg file format must be converted into the form of dxf files with ASCII type. After all the digitized map, then make the watersheds (pictured below.) As desired. Making the grid carried Auto CAD is useful as a method in predicting soil erosion conducted.
    image

    Figure 8. The process of making a watershed in Auto CAD

  • Lorong Planting System Advantages

    Keep in mind that if the distance between rows of fences too close, the competition hedge against the main crop will be more subtle and if it is too rare, efficacy hedge resist erosion will be reduced.
    Pruning and use of forages:
     – Plants were allowed to grow until the height of about 1.5 m (about six months old) before the cut for the first time. The next pruning can be done once in three months.
     – Pruning is done at a height of 50 cm above the ground.
     – Results cuts spread evenly in the aisle between rows of annuals.

    • Can contribute organic matter and nutrients, especially nitrogen for plants hallway.
    • Reducing the rate of runoff and erosion if hedgerows are planted tightly according to the contour lines.

    image
    Figure 13. Plant glicidia

    Problems alley cropping:

    • Hedgerows take about 5-15% of the area normally used for crop / main crop. For that, it should be endeavored that hedgerows can provide immediate results. This can be done for example by using Gliricidia as a hedge and as well as a climbing stick to vanilla or pepper. Another way for example by planting pigeon pea as a hedge plant.
    • Often there is competition between hedgerows with the main plant to obtain nutrients, water, and light. The fix is to trim hedges regularly so that root growth is also limited.
    • Sometimes it happens alelopati influence and the development of pests or plant diseases that can interfere fence food crops.
    • The manpower required for the establishment and maintenance of hedgerows is quite high.

  • Salinity Factor Water Quality

    Salinity is defined as the amount of solid material contained in each kilogram of seawater, assuming all carbonate is converted into oxide form, bromine and iodine replaced by chloride and units of salinity expressed in grams per kilogram, or as thousandths, commonly called “ppt”. Sea water also contains fine droplets in suspension. Most of these substances will be dissolved and some will settle to the bottom of the sea and the rest are described by marine bacteria. All solutes is what causes the saltiness of the sea water.

    To measure the salinity of sea water which is then used term salinity. Salinity can also be used in any waters, but it is most striking is in the sea. Salinity can be defined as the total amount in grams of substances dissolved in one kilogram of water. In a steady state at sea salinity levels ranging between 34%   up to 35%. Each region has a different salinity levels in the tropics is different as salinity ranges between 30-35%, but there is no increase salinity.

    Salinity is fixed and does not change throughout time. Then why salinity levels in each of the different waters, whereas the salt content remains? This disebakan because of the distribution of salinity in the ocean. This distribution occurs vertically and horizontally. Salinity distribution is influenced by several key factors, namely:
    a) The pattern of water circulation: help the spread of salinity
    b) Evaporation (evaporation): the higher the rate of evaporation in the area, the salinity was increased or vice versa because the salts are left behind in the water for example in the Red Sea salinity levels reach 40%.
    c) Curan rain (precipitation): the higher the level of rainfall in the area, the salinity is reduced or otherwise this is due to the dilution by rainwater.
    d) The flow of the river around (run off): the more the flow of rivers that flow into the sea, the salinity decreases and vice versa.

    Based on the difference in water salinity can be divided into 4 groups, among others:
    a) fresh waters (fresh water) that waters having salinity ranging between 0-5 ppt. for example in drinking water, river water, wells, etc.
    b) brackish waters (brakish water) that waters having salinity ranging between 5-30 ppt, for example in mangrove areas, estuaries and ponds area.
    c) sea waters (saline water), the waters have a salinity ranging between 30-50 ppt. for example the high seas
    d) Water hipersaline (brine water), the waters have a salinity> 50 ppt. for example sea near the poles

    Variations in salinity in sea water will affect the bodies of aquatic life through the control of density and diversity of osmotic pressure. The types of aquatic biota is destined to have almost all the soft tissues that its density approaching normal seawater specific gravity, while the types of organisms that live on the seabed (benthic) has a higher density than the water above it. Salinity cause osmotic pressures.

    In general, the salt content in the cells of marine life tend to approach most of the salt content in seawater. If the cells are in an environment with other salinity osmoregulation then a mechanism is needed to maintain the balance between cell density and the environment. In most animals a decrease in the salinity of estuaries starters usually accompanied by a decrease in salinity in the cell, a new osmoregulation mechanism occurs after a real decrease in salinity (Romimohtarto, 1985).

    Ways osmoregulation outer protective covering of the surrounding waters, the protection of the cell membrane, a mechanism to remove excess excretion of fresh water and the cells of the body. The ability to deal with fluctuations stemming from the salinity found in groups of diverse stars of protozoa to fish. Biota estuaries usually have tolerance to salinity variations are large (euryhalin). Examples of milkfish (Chanos Chanos), mullet (Mugil sp.) And fish tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus).