English – Page 35

Organisms Bentos

Bentos are aquatic organisms that live in bottom waters. observations on benthic biological parameters generally confined to makrobentos. Sampling benthic organisms can be done in a simple way, especially for shallow littoral areas (edges). Some larvae of arthropods can be retrieved using Surber net, while for some kind of mollusk because it has a large size can be done without the help of special equipment.

Makrobentos making in the area of the edge of lake or reservoir carried by the line transect method, namely by drawing a line parallel to the line the banks of waterways. Observations were made at 1 meter area on the right and left along the transect line. The larvae of arthropods taken by filtering the base substrate using Surber net (sieve flour) and identified. Sampling of benthic can use eickman grab if the samples are taken in waters muddy or flooded, the use eickman grab samples conducted to determine the moment.

Alternatively, you can also use nets Surber on samples taken in the flowing waters.

Ways of working :
Grab Sampling Using Eickman
(1) The two hemispheres scraper Eickman Grab opened up wide open and hook the wire remand on a link on the top of the tool.
(2) scraper in put vertically and slowly into the water to touch the bottom of the water.
(3) Then drop pembeban metal along the rope holder so that the two parts of the Crab Eickman closed, and mud as well as animals that are in the bottom waters will be collected in dredged.
(4) Eickman in gently pull upwards and its contents poured into a basin that has been provided.
(5) The rubbish of the dumped dredged later benthic animals carefully selected and put into a sample bottle containing 70% alcohol
(6) Samples were taken again at a different place

Sampling Using sieves
(1) Decision benthic done with a sieve.
(2) sieves put up in the bottom waters.
(3) Raise the sieve and separated by a mud benthic bentos and then enter into the bottle.
(4) Samples were taken again at a different place
(5) Label each sample vials and given a 70% alcohol.

How it works in the Laboratory
(1) Take a sample that has been preserved. Pour into a container that has been provided and randomly drawn one by one with tweezers and placed in another container while it sorted.
(2) Samples were sorted than starting from the numbers A, B, C, D and so on, and then see whether similar or not.
(3) The observations carried out on the table. The kind that are considered equal by the same code and means belonging se “Run”. This is done no matter whatever kind, the origin of a series of samples was considered equal.
(4) Make observations until all the samples run out, write down all of the data in the workbook, and then calculating the index of benthic diversity.

Plastics For General and Special Use

Plastics for general use
Polypropylene (PP) is a type of plastic for food packaging, home furnishings and bumper.
 – Polystyrene (PS) is a type of plastic for soap packaging, food packaging, ready-to-throw cups, dishes, CD boxes and tapes.
 – High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) is a type of plastic used for food packaging and mugs sold in circumference.
 – Acrylic Butadien Styrene (ABS) is a type of plastic used as a frame / casing of electronic equipment, eg computer monitors, printers, keyboards and pipelines.
 – Plyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a type of plastic used for carbonate drink bottles, film or plastic cliches and microwave packaging.
 – Polyester (PES) is a type of plastic used as fiber and mixture in textile.
 – Polyamide (PA (Nylon)) is a type of plastic used as plumbing or shower, window frame and floor.
 – Polyurethanes (PU) is a type of plastic used as a rubber foam pillow, thermal insulation foam rubber, surface coating, roller molding machine (usually using plastic materials, and usually found on cars).
 – Polycarbonate (PC) is a type of plastic used as a compact disc, eyeglasses, shields, safety windows, traffic lights and lenses.
 – Polyvinyldene chloride (PVDC) is a type of plastic used accordingly in food packaging.
 – Polyethylene (PE) is a type of plastic used as various plastic bags include supermarket bags, plastic bottles, etc.
 – Polycarbonate / Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC / ABS) is a type of plastic used as a blend of PCs with ABS that produce very strong plastic, used in interior and exterior components of cars, and for mobile phone material.

Plastic for special purpose
 – Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a type of plastic used as a contact lens, window glass (a type of window glass that is known to consist of several trademarks worldwide, for example: Perspex, Oroglas, Plexiglas) and car rear lights.
 – Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) / Teflon trademark is a type of plastic used as a heat-resistant coating, anti-scratch coating, non-stick surface for fan, tape plumber and water slide.
 – Polyethereketone (PEEK) / (polyetherketone) is a type of plastic used as a thermoplastic thermoplastic and is a very strong chemical substance so that this type of plastic is a plastic used in medical equipment including plastic types that have expensive price and value.
 – Polyethermide (PEI (Ultem)) is a type of plastic used in metal industries because it is extremely heat resistant and does not melt.
Phenolic (PF / Phenol formaldehydes) is a type of plastic used as an insulating component of electrical equipment, paper products (eg Formica), foam rubber, etc.
 – Urea-formaldehyde (UF) is a type of plastic used as a wooden adhesive material (playwood, chipboard, hardboard) and electric switch at home.
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) is a type of plastic used for ceramic cups, plates, and bowls for children that are not easily broken and top surface layer in decoration for ply paper (eg Formica).
 – Pollyactice acid (PLA) is a recyclable, environmentally friendly, natural, fermented type of plastic from various agricultural products and its recyclables can be made as compost.

Canned Packaging

Canned packaging is generally printed using Lithographic Printing Method (Offset) or better known as Offset metal decorating. Printed in Tin, Aluminum, and alloy metal modifications. The metal material will be coated in advance ( coating ) with Varnish saizing ( clear sizing , tonner sizing or gold lacquer ) or to get white effect in white Coating. All coating methods are commonly used in coating machines ( Coater ) with thicknesses measured in μm.

After the coated metal coating Varnish sizing or White Coating Then it will be heated between 170-180 ⁰ C for 12-15 minutes past the giant toaster spaced 5-6 meters. After passing the toaster the material has dried and ready to print with offset / Lithography ink. Color-drawing process images (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black usually go up 2 colors then 2 next colors.

The process of drying offset inks is also via a grill with temperatures ranging from 140-160 ^° C for 12-15 minutes. Then the final process of the ink layer will be coated with Varnish to make the mold scratch resistant and heat resistant. For other parts which will be part in the packaging surface of the cans will be coated also with varnish coating with the aim of preventing direct contact with the product kelang so it can lead to rust and contaminated. After all the printed surface and the varnish of the tin will be continued to the testing process to determine the strength of the packaging so as to prevent damage to the packaging that resulted in damaging the product. Other tests are Retort test and Pasteurization (Anonimous, 2010).

Canning is defined as a popular way of preserving foodstuffs (impermeable to air, water, microbes, and other foreign substances) in a container, which is commercially sterilized to kill all popular microbes (cause of disease) and decay. Cannery popularly allows food to be avoided and rotten, changes in water content, oxidative damage, or taste changes .

The main advantage of using cans as foodstuff containers is that cans keep food ingredients in them. Food contained in hermetically covered containers may be guarded against contamination by microbes, insects, or other foreign materials that may cause decay or deviation of appearance and taste.

Cans can also keep food on unwanted water content changes. Cans can keep food on the absorption of oxygen, other gases, odors, and radioactive particles in the atmosphere. For color foods that are sensitive to photochemical reactions, cans can guard against light.

Among the bacteria associated with canning fish, Clostridium botulinum is the most dangerous. The bacteria can produce botulin toxins and form heat-resistant spores. Heating for four minutes at a temperature of 120 degrees C or 10 minutes at a temperature of 115 degrees C is enough to kill all C. botulinum strains (AC). Because of its heat resistance, if the canning process is done incorrectly, the bacteria can reactivate during storage.

In the process is usually done addition of canning medium. In Indonesia, there are three kinds of canning medium, namely salt solution (brine), oil or oil which is added with chilli and other spices, and tomato sauce. The addition of medium aims to provide a specific appearance and taste in the final product, as a medium of heat introduction, thus shortening processing time, obtaining higher acidity, and reducing rust on the inside of the can. If you want a ready-made product, choose a tomato ketchup.

Combined Filter Physics, Biology and Chemistry

The order of installation of filter media
a. The first compartment (A) useful coarse cotton filter media to trap / catch coarse particles derived from aquarium water. In the area meant that yellow is the installation of glass mica which has been hollowed out.

b. The second compartment (B) bioball media as a medium for growing bacteria. Mucus inherent in bioball is nitrobacter who grow useful to improve water quality. Bioball made to filter wet and dry by its creator, made lighter and floats in water and is used in large quantities.

c. The third compartment (C) Zeolite media useful for capturing dissolved materials, such as: gas, dissolved organic matter, and the like. This compartment is a compartment of the longest to get water that pass through the media zeolites have sufficient time span. Magnitude size (size) of zeolite which is preferably used in the form of small granules. The smaller the grain will be more extensive surface area so it will be more extensive contact area between water and zeolite, effectiveness is achieved

d. The fourth compartment (D) activated carbon media works the same principle with the zeolite that is useful for capturing dissolved materials, such as: gas, dissolved organic matter, and the like. Similarly, the size of activated carbon (AC), use the smallest grain grain only.

e. The fifth compartment soft cotton filter media. Refined cotton filter media filter is the last of the water before returning to the aquarium.

Figure 14. Filter physics, chemistry and biology

Oxygen solubility management.
Dissolved oxygen is a key water quality parameters at a magnification of shrimp in ponds. Tiger shrimp habit is to have activity at the bottom of the water. Dissolved oxygen especially on the pond bottom water of not less than 4 ppm. Fluctuations in dissolved oxygen content is determined the density of the organisms in the water, especially phytoplankton and other aquatic plants that are primary producers. To keep the dissolved oxygen remains in optimum condition is to memanfaatan process of photosynthesis, the use of aeration by way of setting the waterwheel.

Waterwheel is required for:
1. Supply of O2 in water
2. Oxidizing base surface
3. Creating and oxidized dirt suspended in the water column
4. Set the water flow and determine the buildup of organic sludge
5. Eliminate coating of water by temperature and salinity and dissolved oxygen homogenize

Effect of Worm In Soil Fertility

Some physical soil properties terbenahi by earthworm activity is (1) the formation of macropores result of the formation of worm burrows, (2) the creation of soil crumb structure, (3) decrease in soil bulk density, and (4) increasing the shelf life of the water. The formation of an earthworm burrows macro pores lead to the creation of sustainable and stable. These holes facilitate the exchange of air and water infiltration. the speed and the accumulation of infiltration at a given soil worms input is greater than without earthworms.

The water accumulation will be greater if accompanied mulching. Through the movement of earthworms will occur revamp the original soil structure is compact and massive into soil crumb structure. This can be seen by comparing the structures on land not inhabited land inhabited worm with a worm. On land not inhabited worms generally have the following characteristics: (1) soil massive structure, (2) low water retention, (3) high soil bulk density.

In addition to the movement of earthworms, dung which also produces positive influence on some soil physical properties, such as increased shelf life and decrease the weight of the water content of the soil. Increasing the shelf life of the water due to the relatively high clay content is accompanied by a relatively large total pore in the dirt worm when compared to the surrounding soil. Dirt worm contains a higher water from the surrounding soil at the same level of water stress.

The addition of worm excrement can lower soil bulk density of about 7% of the land without their worm dirt. Earthworms are also working with the microbes in the formation of aggregates. It is associated with the presence of organic debris that can not be digested by the worms will completely degraded further by the soil microorganisms. Decomposition by microorganisms or organic compounds formed by microorganisms results will strengthen the formation of crumb structure which is carried out by a worm.

The entry of worms into the ground resulting in changes in soil chemical properties which include (1) increasing the organic matter content, (2) and thus increasing the nutrient content is available, and (3) increasing the cation exchange capacity. This is due to earthworm droppings contain more nutrients and soil organic C of the original.

Table 1.4. Nutrient composition and organic C in earthworm excrement and soil.

Type of Clotting Tools

Based on how it works, there are several types of clotting tools such as the following:

Water Blast Freezing
This freezer uses cold air as a refrigerant. This tool consists of several types, namely type of room, tunnel and the type of conveyor belt (belt conveyor).
Contact Plate Freezing
Contact Plate Freezer is perfect for freezing fishery products packed in square boxes, weighing 1-4 kg. In freezing this system, the frozen product is clamped between two hollow plates filled with refrigerant.
Immersion freezing
This type of freezer is specifically used for freezing whole fish such as tuna (large cob), shrimp with head. How to freeze it by dipping the fish into a salt (NaCl) -17oC or by spraying the fish using cold brine.
Cryogenic freezing
Cryogenic freezer is a type of freezer that uses liquid CO2 and N2. This type of freezer can produce very low temperatures, ie -78oC for liquid CO2 and -196oC for liquid N2.
Freezing with IQF freezer
Freezing with IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) freezer aims for each piece of fish or shrimp to be frozen without sticking to each other. Processed fish or other food items into the freezer by conveyor at 5 ° C to 10 ° C and exit in freezing temperature of -18o to -20oC, freezing time 20 minutes to 45 minutes depending on the thickness of the product.
Sharp Freezing
Freezing with Sharp freezer includes slow freezing. The way of freezing is by putting the products on a number of cooling racks are arranged horizontally. The shelves consist of cooling pipes, using refrigerant ammonia or freon.

The definition of freezing according to SNI 01-4110.1-2006 is processed products of fishery products with fish raw materials subjected to the following treatments: acceptance, washing, sorting, weeding, weighing, preparation or without drafting, freezing, welding or without clarity, packing, labeling and storage. Quality requirement and safety of frozen fish food according to SNI are:

Table 1. Quality and Food Safety Requirements

The implementation of organoleptic quality test for frozen fish is different from the treatment of fresh fish organoleptic test, frozen fish quality test has its own assessment sheet.