TNeutron

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  • Effect Of Water Alkalinity On Cultivation

    To maintain the pH of the water to remain stable at around 6.8 it is necessary a chemical process that is expressed in alkalinity. Alkalinity is the ability estab-bufffer late of bicarbonate ions, carbonate and hydroxide ions in water. The third ion in the water will react with the hydrogen ions so as to reduce acidity or pH increase. Alkalinity is a quantity that indicates the content of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO3 =) in the water.

    In freshwater, the range of neutral pH, bicarbonate ion is dominant, whereas in marine waters, carbonate ion bigger role. Water naturally contains a lot of bicarbonate (HCO 3) namely;

    1. The result of ionization of carbonic acid (H2CO3), when water saturated with CO2.
    2. In addition, CO2 can react with the rocks also produce bicarbonate (HCO 3).

    In water saturated with CO2, chemical equilibrium occurs as follows:
    (A) H2O + CO2  <-> H2CO3   <->  H + + HCO 3
    (B) 2HCO3ˉ  <->  CO2 + H2O + CO3
    (C) CO3 + H2O =  <->  HCO 3 + OH

    In water-containing calcium (CaCO3), the chemical equilibrium occurs as follows:
    (A) CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O  <->  Ca ++ + 2 HCO 3
    (B) 2HCO3ˉ  <->  CO2 + H2O + CO3 =
    (C) Ca ++ + CO3 =  <->  CaCO3

    Alkalinity are usually expressed in ppm (mg / l) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). According to Effendi (2000), the value associated with the type of water alkalinity. If water with alkalinity values of less than 40 mg / liter CaCO3 referred to as soft water (soft water). While the alkalinity waters more than 40 mg / liter CaCO3 called with water (hard water). Waters with high alkalinity values are more productive than the waters with low alkalinity value.

    According Schimittou (1991) waters with low alkalinity. In general, a good environment for fish life is with a value above 20 ppm alkalinity. Bodies have the ability to maintain a stable pH to a certain extent that it can withstand changes in pH. The defense mechanism pH to various pH changes known as capacity-an estab-buffer pH.
    Defense pH of the water to the changes made by the alkalinity of the process as follows:
     CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3   <-> H + + HCO 3   <->  CO3 = + 2H +
    CO3 = (carbonate ion) in the chemical balance of the above, it is expressed as the alkalinity of the water.

    While H + (ion H) is a source of acidity. The process of balance on a reversible reaction, meaning that the reaction can be run to the right (to produce H +) or to the left (producing CO2).
    Therefore, when entered into the waters of the acid (H + ions), then H + will soon be bound by ion CO3 = move left and reaction produces CO2, (CO2 emitted into the air). At the time of the new acid is added, the pH will be measured is low, but after some time later, when the reaction began to move to the left, the pH will be moving back to the original numbers.

    Thus when will require a lower pH in waters containing high chalk, will not be effective if it is only done by the addition of acid alone.
    If only by the addition of acid only, the amount given should be in an amount more is to overcome the alkalinity first, as shown in the above reaction. Therefore it is necessary to lower the alkalinity first with boiling water or with water put through the peat. Meanwhile, to raise the alkalinity by adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

  • Elements Iron and Sodium

    In plants, algae iron acts as a constituent of cytochrome and chlorophyll, as well as act as enzyme systems, and electron transfer in photosynthesis, excessive iron levels greatly inhibit the fixation of other elements (Effendi, 2000). Iron also plays a role in the oxidation-reduction in the process of photosynthesis and respiration in addition to a few enzyme cofactor in plants (Agustina, 2004). Iron deficiency can cause the color of the plants turn yellow or pale (Dwidjosaputro, 1992).

    Fe levels which support life seaweed is> 0,018 mg / L (Pratomo and Sulistyowati, 2002). While Moore (1991) in Effendi (2000) adds that when the iron content exceeding 1.0 mg / L are considered harmful to the life of aquatic organisms. So that iron levels are still within the range considered safe for seaweed cultivation ranged from 0.018 to 1.0 mg / L.

    Sodium is a necessary micronutrient plant to activate the enzyme nitrate reductase in nitrate utilization by plants (Graham and Wilcox, 2000), while Agustina (2004) mentions that sodium also serves as a regulator of water balance in the plant and able to accumulate oxalic acid. Sodium is needed in the construction of the structure of the cells of the seaweed, also plays a role in the mechanism of electron transport in the metabolic process that occurs between plant cells.

    Sodium content of seaweed is needed only in small quantities but have an important role in the growth in the amount of> 0,005 mg / L (Pratomo and Sulistyowati, 2002). Sodium ions in the waters of the high seas has the highest concentration of which reached 10,500 mg / L (Subandriyo, 1986).

  • Disease In Aquaculture

    Bodies is a living environment for aquatic biota such as fish, aquatic insects, water snails, animal organisms, aquatic plants, the tiny plants and others. In this environment there will be interaction between organisms (biotic) existing water environment (abiotic) as the medium of his life, as well as the interaction between water biota itself in order to survive. This interaction thus establish a system of environmental change.

    But the system’s environment remains towards an equilibrium constant. Except when there is interference, the system of environmental change towards a new equilibrium. The system changes the environment can be caused partly by natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and pollution by industrial activities and the community.

    Animal needs water for the metabolism in the body is to get appropriate food, while for the water plants is how to get nutrients for survival. From the necessities of life for the aquatic biota will form a link between water biota (symbiosis) which vary among others.
    1) Parasitism, the water biota are parasites by sucking the bodily fluids of other water biota (host) for life. Biota water is very detrimental to the host such as fish and shrimp are cultivated. Relationships of parasitism on aquatic biota can be seen in Figure 1.
    2) Mutualism, the water biota that is mutually beneficial to other aquatic biota. Relationships of parasitism on aquatic biota can be seen in Figure 2.
    3) komensalisme, namely water biota that are beneficial sided, while others are not affected biota. Relationships of parasitism on aquatic biota can be seen in Figure 3.
    4) Predation, namely water biota that are preying carnivore with other aquatic biota smaller the measurement body. Relationships of parasitism on aquatic biota can be seen in Figure 4.
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    Figure 1. Relationship between Lernae cyprinacea parasitism and guppy

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    Figure 2. Relationship aquatic biota are mutualism between clown fish and Sea Anemone

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    Figure 3. Relationship between komensalisme aquatic biota are small fish and shark

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    Figure 4. The relationship between the predatory nature otter and fish

  • Abiotic Factors Air Quality

    1) Temperature / temperature
    In addition to the high temperatures of the tropics, a problem that is often found is a problem that is too extreme temperature changes due to the influence of the season, for example the rainy season. Low temperatures will cause the speed of metabolism down so that the appetite of fish and shrimp to be decreased. The cool temperature below the optimum temperature will affect the immune suppression in fish and shrimp. The optimum temperature will be different for each species of ornamental fish.

    2) pH
    pH of the water needed by fish will vary depending on the type of fish. In general, fish and shrimp will be tolerant of a certain pH range, eg for ornamental fish types of Koi and chef pH range between 6.2 to 9.2. extreme water pH below or above the optimum pH will cause disturbances in the health of fish and shrimp. The optimum pH will vary depending on the type of fish and shrimp.

    The immediate effect of low pH and the pH is too high in general is a form of epithelial cell damage, skin or gills, it will disrupt the process of absorption of oxygen, especially for fish and shrimp that breathe using gills.

    3) Hardness
    Hardness on the environment ornamental fish farmers known as soft water and hard water. The value of hardness in the water is usually determined by the content of calcium carbonate or magnesium. Depth values for water hardness can be divided into soft water (low hardness), liquid water, and water is hard or high hardness and very loud.

    Each species of fish and shrimp, especially ornamental fish require water hardness is not the same. Eg neon tetra fish require water hardness is low when compared to fish from the group siklid. So that when the fish are in conditions not suitable hardness can cause interference with the physiological fish causing the fish susceptible to disease.

    4) Material contamination
    Material contamination usually comes from water sources used in a fish and shrimp farming, especially the use of water resources of the river or other public waters.
    Contamination can come from domestic waste and industrial waste. Material contamination can form toxic materials and heavy metals. The contaminant material can directly turn off or can also weaken the fish and shrimp.

    At low concentrations of contamination that took place in the long term will cause effects that do not destroy fish and shrimp but disrupt fish life processes (sublethal) it will damage the health of fish and shrimp. In such conditions the fish and shrimp will be easily infected by all kinds of diseases, for example diseases caused by fungal and bacterial infections.

  • Sampling Technique

    Some things to consider in taking the sample are:
    1) Fixation
    Fixation is the process of sample preservation using preservatives that material taken can be processed by PCR. The principle of choosing the type of preservative:
    a) easy in the handling, storage and transport,
    b) Not reduce the sensitivity of diagnosis,
    c) Easily available and relatively inexpensive.

    There are two commonly used preservation method that is
    a) fixation in alcohol solution,
    b) Freezing in temperatures below 20oC.
    Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. However, it is suggested that in the pickling process using a solution of 70% alcohol by volume ratio of the sample compared to the preservative 1: 10.

    2) Sampling Equipment
    Sampling equipment in question is the equipment directly used in sampling that sample bottles and surgical instruments. Any equipment to be used must be disinfected beforehand. Surgical instrument disinfection process starts from:
    a) Cleaning equipment with tissue paper
    b) Rinsed with distilled water
    c) disinfection with 70% alcohol
    d) Heating with a Bunsen flame

    3) How Sampling
    Sampling right must pay attention to the type and number of samples. Samples can be taken from seed, mature fish, and parent. Samples of the seeds in the form of the body as a whole, while the adult fish gills and stem can be. Minimum number of samples taken depends on the level pravelensi infected fish viral diseases, however, to diagnose cases of the viral disease premises PCR technique is based on empirical experience.
    Total sample of the population with more than 100,000 birds, is;
    a) For seed 150 animals
    b) For adult fish as much as 5 individuals,
    c) To the parent of sampling individuals (taken slices gills without turning off the mains).

    3) How Sampling
    Sampling right must pay attention to the type and number of samples. Samples can be taken from seed, mature fish, and parent. Samples of the seeds in the form of the body as a whole, while the adult fish gills and stem can be. Minimum number of samples taken depends on the level pravelensi infected fish viral diseases, however, to diagnose cases of the viral disease premises PCR technique is based on empirical experience.
    Total sample of the population with more than 100,000 birds, is;
    a) For seed 150 animals
    b) For adult fish as much as 5 individuals,
    c) To the parent of sampling individuals (taken slices gills without turning off the mains).

    Sample Delivery Techniques
    Fish samples have been collected and diawet with alcohol 70% – 90%, it should be immediately sent to the nearest laboratory capable of performing a diagnosis of viral diseases by PCR. Samples should be packed as possible so it does not leak during shipment. The emergence of disease in fish is the result of a complex interaction between the three components of the aquatic ecosystem is weak fish, fierce pathogens, and environmental quality was bad. Therefore, fish health management strategies should focus on revamping integrated manner.

    Mechanical control
    Provision of seeds to areas free of viral diseases should be taken from areas free of viral diseases. While the provision of seeds to areas that have been infected with the virus taken the seeds produced from the parent who survived the outbreak because the seeds produced from the parent it is considered to have immunity to viral diseases.

    eradication of Pathogens
    Virus activity is the destruction of the carrier (water and careers). Areas that have been infected with KHV disease eradication must be done especially in enclosed cultivation systems.

  • The Depth Factor Seaweed

    The average depth of the water required for the growth of seaweed depending on the amount of sunlight intensity. According Soegianto and Sulistijo (1985) in Syahputra (2005), the depth of which is ideal for the growth of seaweed in the Thousand Islands with basic methods in the 0.3 to 0.6 m at its lowest ebb. Such circumstances can prevent drought to plants. The depth of the water also affects the seaweed cultivation methods that will be used for the cultivation of seaweed.

    Waters with a depth <3 m can use basic methods or freelance basis, but the waters that have a depth of> 3 meters should use the floating method. It also affects the construction costs to be incurred by seaweed farmers.

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    Figure 11. Use of the method freelance basis for the cultivation of seaweed at a depth waters still get enough sunlight